Publisher's Hardcover ©2021 | -- |
African Americans. Violence against. History. 20th century.
Racial profiling in law enforcement. United States. 20th century.
Police brutality. United States. 20th century.
Race riots. United States. History. 20th century.
United State. Race relations. History. 20th century.
Starred Review In the 1960s and 1970s, American cities experienced extreme violence. Often called riots, these events are more accurately understood as rebellions. In America on Fire, political historian Hinton explores the origins and outcomes of Black rebellions of the twentieth century. While many uprisings were tied to acts of police brutality, many occurred after ongoing surveillance and harassment in under-resourced Black communities. In cities across the country, Black residents experienced years of ongoing violence at the hands of police and white vigilante groups. After uprisings, community leaders repeatedly requested access to resources and freedom from over-policing. Cities and state governments often reacted by dismissing concerns entirely, offering unfulfilled promises, and further militarizing the police. Despite investigations that highlighted root causes in white racism and disinvestment in Black communities, little changed in the 1980s and 1990s. Hinton masterfully examines multiple incidents across the country, illustrating not only the prevalence of rebellions but how ongoing violent racial discrimination is horrifically common. As Hinton links the history of rebellion to the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, readers will be struck by the generational echoes of Black Americans' struggle for justice.
Starred Review for Kirkus Reviews (Thu Apr 28 00:00:00 CDT 2022)Thought-provoking examination of "the cycle," whereby minority protests against police brutality beget only more violence.Yale historian Hinton focuses largely on Black communities. Early on, she recounts the history of lynch mobs across the country, reacting to Black advances in economic well-being and civil rights through armed violence, "a means to police the activities of Black people and to limit their access to jobs, leisure, franchise and to the political sphere." In time, police forces came to do this work, and the result, "especially between 1968 and 1972," was "internal violence on a scale not seen since the Civil War." In a pattern all too familiar to minority citizens and, after the murder of George Floyd in 2020, to everyone with the means to see, the police typically react with more violence when some previous act of their violence is called into question. This is in some measure, by Hinton's account, because of easily exploited calls on the parts of politicians and some voters for "law and order," which in turn hinges on White fears "that Black people might rise up in violence," fears that began with the first enslaved Black person on the continent. The cycle of public rebellions begins, as the author sharply describes it, with the police interfering with some ordinary activity, whether skateboarding or drinking in a park, and then confronting other young people who arrive to aid their peers. That cycle, Hinton persuasively argues, "began with the police." Here she quotes James Baldwin, who noted that police rampaged minority communities "like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country." Among Hinton's many villains are one-time Florida state's attorney Janet Reno, who declined to prosecute "police officers who violently attacked or killed Black residents." Other attorneys have followed suit to this day-and so, Hinton's well-reasoned and emphatically argued book has it, the cycle continues and shows no signs of abating.A must-read for all concerned with civil rights and social justice in modern America.
Kirkus Reviews (Fri Oct 04 00:00:00 CDT 2024)Thought-provoking examination of "the cycle," whereby minority protests against police brutality beget only more violence.Yale historian Hinton focuses largely on Black communities. Early on, she recounts the history of lynch mobs across the country, reacting to Black advances in economic well-being and civil rights through armed violence, "a means to police the activities of Black people and to limit their access to jobs, leisure, franchise and to the political sphere." In time, police forces came to do this work, and the result, "especially between 1968 and 1972," was "internal violence on a scale not seen since the Civil War." In a pattern all too familiar to minority citizens and, after the murder of George Floyd in 2020, to everyone with the means to see, the police typically react with more violence when some previous act of their violence is called into question. This is in some measure, by Hinton's account, because of easily exploited calls on the parts of politicians and some voters for "law and order," which in turn hinges on White fears "that Black people might rise up in violence," fears that began with the first enslaved Black person on the continent. The cycle of public rebellions begins, as the author sharply describes it, with the police interfering with some ordinary activity, whether skateboarding or drinking in a park, and then confronting other young people who arrive to aid their peers. That cycle, Hinton persuasively argues, "began with the police." Here she quotes James Baldwin, who noted that police rampaged minority communities "like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country." Among Hinton's many villains are one-time Florida state's attorney Janet Reno, who declined to prosecute "police officers who violently attacked or killed Black residents." Other attorneys have followed suit to this day-and so, Hinton's well-reasoned and emphatically argued book has it, the cycle continues and shows no signs of abating.A must-read for all concerned with civil rights and social justice in modern America.
Publishers Weekly (Fri Oct 06 00:00:00 CDT 2023)America-s seasons of unrest were an understandable response to a racist police state, according to this impassioned history. Yale historian Hinton (
Starred Review ALA Booklist (Thu Apr 01 00:00:00 CDT 2021)
Starred Review for Kirkus Reviews (Thu Apr 28 00:00:00 CDT 2022)
Kirkus Reviews (Fri Oct 04 00:00:00 CDT 2024)
Publishers Weekly (Fri Oct 06 00:00:00 CDT 2023)
What began in spring 2020 as local protests in response to the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police quickly exploded into a massive nationwide movement. Millions of mostly young people defiantly flooded into the nation's streets, demanding an end to police brutality and to the broader, systemic repression of Black people and other people of color. To many observers, the protests appeared to be without precedent in their scale and persistence. Yet, as the acclaimed historian Elizabeth Hinton demonstrates in America on Fire, the events of 2020 had clear precursors--and any attempt to understand our current crisis requires a reckoning with the recent past. Even in the aftermath of Donald Trump, many Americans consider the decades since the civil rights movement in the mid-1960s as a story of progress toward greater inclusiveness and equality. Hinton's sweeping narrative uncovers an altogether different history, taking us on a troubling journey from Detroit in 1967 and Miami in 1980 to Los Angeles in 1992 and beyond to chart the persistence of structural racism and one of its primary consequences, the so-called urban riot. Hinton offers a critical corrective: the word riot was nothing less than a racist trope applied to events that can only be properly understood as rebellions--explosions of collective resistance to an unequal and violent order. As she suggests, if rebellion and the conditions that precipitated it never disappeared, the optimistic story of a post-Jim Crow United States no longer holds. Black rebellion, America on Fire powerfully illustrates, was born in response to poverty and exclusion, but most immediately in reaction to police violence. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson launched the "War on Crime," sending militarized police forces into impoverished Black neighborhoods. Facing increasing surveillance and brutality, residents threw rocks and Molotov cocktails at officers, plundered local businesses, and vandalized exploitative institutions. Hinton draws on exclusive sources to uncover a previously hidden geography of violence in smaller American cities, from York, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, to Stockton, California. The central lesson from these eruptions--that police violence invariably leads to community violence--continues to escape policymakers, who respond by further criminalizing entire groups instead of addressing underlying socioeconomic causes. The results are the hugely expanded policing and prison regimes that shape the lives of so many Americans today. Presenting a new framework for understanding our nation's enduring strife, America on Fire is also a warning: rebellions will surely continue unless police are no longer called on to manage the consequences of dismal conditions beyond their control, and until an oppressive system is finally remade on the principles of justice and equality.